Perioral dermatitis
Peer reviewed by Dr Colin Tidy, MRCGPLast updated by Dr Pippa Vincent, MRCGPLast updated 13 Jul 2023
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Perioral dermatitis is a common skin rash. Perioral means 'around the mouth' and dermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin. This leaflet discusses potential causes, symptoms and perioral dermatitis treatment.
In this article:
Continue reading below
What is perioral dermatitis?
Perioral dermatitis is a skin disorder that presents as a rash around the mouth - the word 'perioral' meaning 'around the mouth', and 'dermatitis' meaning 'inflammation of the skin'. Less commonly, it can affect the skin around the eyes and nose.
What does perioral dermatitis look like?
Typically, small red or pink lumpy spots develop on the skin anywhere around the outside of the mouth. These bumps around the mouth can resemble acne spots but perioral dermatitis is not acne. They can also look like eczema.
The skin under and next to each spot is often red or pink. If there are a lot of spots next to each other then the area of affected skin can just look red and lumpy. Sometimes the skin surface can become dry and flaky.
Perioral dermatitis
By Johannes Köhler, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
The skin just next to the lips is often not affected, or is affected much less than, the skin just a little further away from the lips. In some cases it can look as though the rash almost forms a ring around the mouth, sparing a small border of skin next to the lips. Occasionally, the skin around the eyes is also affected.
The severity of the rash can vary from a few minor spots that are barely noticeable, to a definite and obvious lumpy rash that is around the mouth. The rash is not usually painful or itchy. However, some people report a mild burning sensation or itchy feeling. Others report that the affected skin feels tense. The rash is not serious and is not associated with any underlying disease. However, it can be unsightly.
Continue reading below
What causes perioral dermatitis?
The exact cause is not clear. However, in many cases the rash seems to be triggered by one or more of the following:
Steroid creams and ointments are a main trigger. See below for details.
Make-up, cleansers and cosmetics applied to the area affected on the face. It may be that certain ingredients of cosmetics may act as the trigger. For example, one study found that make-up foundation seemed to be a particular provoking factor.
Physical factors such as strong winds and UV light.
Fluoridated toothpaste and chewing gum have been suggested as possible triggers.
Yeasts and germs (bacteria) that live on the skin and in hair follicles have been suggested as a possible trigger. (However, perioral dermatitis is not just a simple skin infection.)
Hormone factors may play a part, as some women find that the rash becomes worse just before a period.
The oral contraceptive pill may be a factor in some cases.
Recently, a study has found that some sun creams used on the face may be a trigger for perioral dermatitis in some children and adults. A liquid, gel or light milk sunscreen may be the best to use.
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Oral thrush
Oral thrush is an infection in the mouth caused by a yeast germ called Candida. It is not usually serious and can generally be cleared with treatment.
by Dr Hayley Willacy, FRCGP
Lip-licking dermatitis
Lip-licking dermatitis is very similar to peri-oral dermatitis but tends not to spare any skin next to the lips so spreads out directly from the lips. It is more common in children, particularly those who habitually lick their lips. The mainstay of treatment is to avoid licking the lips and using bland lip balms such as vaseline® to cover the skin. However, topical steroids can be used in lip-licking dermatitis and do have some benefit at times.
Lip-licking dermatitis
James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Continue reading below
Who gets perioral dermatitis?
There are a number of risk factors for perioral dermatitis. Almost all cases occur in young women, most commonly between the ages of 15 and 45 years. It is thought to affect up to 1 in 100 women at some point in their lives. Perioral dermatitis is uncommon in men and children (although lip-licking dermatitis is much more common in children). However, as the number of men using facial skin products increases, the number of men with perioral dermatitis is increasing.
Is perioral dermatitis contagious?
No. Perioral dermatitis is not contagious.
Perioral dermatitis caused by steroid cream
Steroid cream
By Father Goose, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
There is a well-known link between using a topical steroid (steroid creams, gels, ointments, etc) on the face and developing perioral dermatitis. Many cases develop soon after using a topical steroid on the face for another condition, such as mild eczema.
It is also possible to rub some steroid onto the face without realising it - for example, after using steroid creams on another part of the body and then rubbing or scratching the face before washing the hands.
Topical steroids can temporarily clear a mild patch of perioral dermatitis Some people will have tried a steroid cream, which can be bought at pharmacies, to treat what they think is mild eczema. However, as soon as the rash clears and the steroid is stopped, the rash reappears, only even worse. This can become a vicious cycle where more steroid cream is used to try to clear the new rash, which may clear again and then recur so the cream is started again. The rash tends to get worse each time.
How is perioral dermatitis diagnosed?
To diagnose perioral dermatitis, a doctor will usually just look at its appearance. There is not much else that looks like it but there are a few other conditions it can be mistaken for:
Lip-licking dermatitis.
Tests are usually not needed unless perioral dermatitis does not improve with treatment. If it is not improving or has unusual features, a referral to a dermatology specialist may be made who may consider other tests such as a skin biopsy.
Perioral dermatitis treatment
Without perioral dermatitis treatment, the condition may last for months or years. The following treatments can usually help to clear the rash. However, it may take some time for the treatment to work.
Stop using anything on your face
It is usually advised to stop using any cream, ointment, cosmetic, etc, on the face. It is particularly important to stop using any topical steroid - if one has been used then the rash will worsen for several days before it gets any better. There is nothing that can be done to help this. Whilst the rash is present, the face should be washed with warm water only. There is some evidence that toothpastes containing fluoride can make perioral dermatitis worse so these should be avoided too.
If using topical steroids on another part of the body or applying them to a child, it is important to wash hands thoroughly after using them.
Even when the rash has gone, it is better to try to avoid cosmetics or creams on the affected area as the rash can reappear. Using mild skincare products such as a fragrance free cleanser to wash the face, rather than soap, is also advised.
Antibiotic medicines
In mild perioral dermatitis, topical antibiotics (antibiotics in a cream applied to the skin), such as metronidazole or clindamycin, might be advised.
Usually oral antibiotics, in the tetracycline group, are needed. The course of treatment is usually for six to twelve weeks and it may take several weeks to notice the benefit. Most cases do start to improve within two months of starting treatment so it is important to persevere.
The way antibiotics work in this condition is not clear. It is not a simple skin infection. However, tetracyclines and some other antibiotics have an action to reduce inflammation in addition to killing germs (bacteria) and this may be why they work.
Other treatment
Other perioral dermatitis treatment is sometimes used. This includes pimecrolimus cream. This cream works to reduce skin inflammation. It seems to be particularly effective in perioral dermatitis that has been caused by using topical steroids.
When should you see a doctor?
Where there is a suspicion of perioral dermatitis all ointments and creams on the face should be stopped. This alone may improve the condition. However, it's best to see a GP or other clinician in the practice to make a diagnosis of the condition if it does not settle or is very angry-looking.
What is perioral dermatitis?
Perioral dermatitis is a skin disorder that presents as a rash around the mouth - the word 'perioral' meaning 'around the mouth', and 'dermatitis' meaning 'inflammation of the skin'. Less commonly, it can affect the skin around the eyes and nose.
What does perioral dermatitis look like?
Typically, small red or pink lumpy spots develop on the skin anywhere around the outside of the mouth. These bumps around the mouth can resemble acne spots but perioral dermatitis is not acne. They can also look like eczema.
The skin under and next to each spot is often red or pink. If there are a lot of spots next to each other then the area of affected skin can just look red and lumpy. Sometimes the skin surface can become dry and flaky.
Perioral dermatitis
By Johannes Köhler, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
The skin just next to the lips is often not affected, or is affected much less than, the skin just a little further away from the lips. In some casesit can look as though the rash almost forms a ring around the mouth,sparing a small border of skin next to the lips. Occasionally, the skin around the eyes is also affected.
The severity of the rash can vary from a few minor spots that are barely noticeable, to a definite and obvious lumpy rash that is around the mouth. The rash is not usually painful or itchy. However, some people report a mild burning sensation or itchy feeling. Others report that the affected skin feels tense. The rash is not serious and is not associated with any underlying disease. However, it can be unsightly.
What causes perioral dermatitis?
The exact cause is not clear. However, in many cases the rash seems to be triggered by one or more of the following:
Steroid creams and ointments are a main trigger. See below for details.
Make-up, cleansers and cosmetics applied to the area affected on the face. It may be that certain ingredients of cosmetics may act as the trigger. For example, one study found that make-up foundation seemed to be a particular provoking factor.
Physical factors such as strong winds and UV light.
Fluoridated toothpaste and chewing gum have been suggested as possible triggers.
Yeasts and germs (bacteria) that live on the skin and in hair follicles have been suggested as a possible trigger. (However, perioral dermatitis is not just a simple skin infection.)
Hormone factors may play a part, as some women find that the rash becomes worse just before a period.
The oral contraceptive pill may be a factor in some cases.
Recently, a study has found that some sun creams used on the face may be a trigger for perioral dermatitis in some children and adults. A liquid, gel or light milk sunscreen may be the best to use.
Patient picks for Oral infections
Oral and dental care
How long will a mouth ulcer take to heal?
There's nothing more annoying than biting into a well-earned snack but having your enjoyment marred by the sting of a mouth ulcer. These tiny sores can be irritating and painful, and seem to take an age to clear up. But what causes mouth ulcers, how can we prevent them, and when should we worry?
by Gillian Harvey
Oral and dental care
Oral thrush
Oral thrush is an infection in the mouth caused by a yeast germ called Candida. It is not usually serious and can generally be cleared with treatment.
by Dr Hayley Willacy, FRCGP
Lip-licking dermatitis
Lip-licking dermatitis is very similar to peri-oral dermatitis but tends not to spare any skin next to the lips so spreads out directly from the lips. It is more common in children, particularly those who habitually lick their lips. The mainstay of treatment is to avoid licking the lips and using bland lip balms such as vaseline to cover the skin. However, topical steroids can be used in lip-licking dermatitis and do have some benefit at times.
Lip-licking dermatitis
James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsOpen
Who gets perioral dermatitis?
There are a number of risk factors for perioral dermatitis. Almost all cases occur in young women, most commonly between the ages of 15 and 45 years. It is thought to affect up to 1 in 100 women at some point in their lives. Perioral dermatitis is uncommon in men and children (although lip-licking dermatitis is much more common in children). However, as the number of men using facial skin products increases, the number of men with perioral dermatitis is increasing.
Is perioral dermatitis contagious?
No. Perioral dermatitis is not contagious.
Perioral dermatitis caused by steroid cream
Steroid cream
By Father Goose, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
There is a well-known link between using a topical steroid (steroid creams, gels, ointments, etc) on the face and developing perioral dermatitis. Many cases develop soon after using a topical steroid on the face for another condition, such as mild eczema.
It is also possible to rub some steroid onto the face without realising it - for example, after using steroid creams on another part of the body and then rubbing or scratching the face before washing the hands.
Topical steroids can temporarily clear a mild patch of perioral dermatitis Some people will have tried a steroid cream, which can be bought at pharmacies, to treat what they think is mild eczema. However, as soon as the rash clears and the steroid is stopped, the rash reappears, only even worse. This can become a vicious cycle where more steroid cream is used to try to clear the new rash, which may clear again and then recur so the cream is started again. The rash tends to get worse each time.
How is perioral dermatitis diagnosed?
To diagnose perioral dermatitis, a doctor will usually just look at its appearance. There is not much else that looks like it, but there are a few other conditions it can be mistaken for:
Lip-licking dermatitis.
Tests are usually not needed unless perioral dermatitis does not improve with treatment. If it is not improving or has unusual features, a referral to a dermatology specialist may be made who may consider other tests such as a skin biopsy.
Perioral dermatitis treatment
Without perioral dermatitis treatment, the condition may last for months or years. The following treatments can usually help to clear the rash. However, it may take some time for the treatment to work.
Stop using anything on your face
It is usually advised to stop using any cream, ointment, cosmetic, etc, on the face. It is particularly important to stop using any topical steroid - if one has been used then the rash will worsen for several days before it gets any better. There is nothing that can be done to help this. Whilst the rash is present, the face should be washed with warm water only. There is some evidence that toothpastes containing fluoride can make perioral dermatitis worse so these should be avoided too.
If using topical steroids on another part of the body or applying them to a child, it is important towash hands thoroughly after using them.
Even when the rash has gone, it is better to try to avoid cosmetics or creams on the affected area as the rash can reappear.Using mild skincare products such as a fragrance free cleanser to wash the face, rather than soap, is also advised.
Antibiotic medicines
In mild perioral dermatitis, topical antibiotics (antibiotics in a cream applied to the skin), such as metronidazole or clindamycin, might be advised.
Usually oral antibiotics, in the tetracycline group, are needed. The course of treatment is usually for six to twelve weeks and it may take several weeks to notice the benefit. Most cases do start to improve within two months of starting treatment so it is important to persevere.
The way antibiotics work in this condition is not clear. It is not a simple skin infection. However, tetracyclines and some other antibiotics have an action to reduce inflammation in addition to killing germs (bacteria) and this may be why they work.
Other treatment
Other perioral dermatitis treatment is sometimes used. This includes pimecrolimus cream. This cream works to reduce skin inflammation. It seems to be particularly effective in perioral dermatitis that has been caused by using topical steroids.
When should you see a doctor?
Where there is a suspicion of perioral dermatitis all ointments and creams on the face should be stopped. This alone may improve the condition. However, it's best to see a GP or other clinician in the practice to make a diagnosis of the condition if it does not settle or is very angry-looking.
Further reading and references
- Perioral dermatitis; DermNet NZ
- Perioral Dermatitis; Primary Care Dermatology Society
- Hall CS, Reichenberg J; Evidence based review of perioral dermatitis therapy. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Aug;145(4):433-44.
- Perioral Dermatitis; DermIS (Dermatology Information System)
- Tolaymat L, Hall MR; Perioral Dermatitis. StatPearls Publishing LLC; Last update: September 12,2020.
- Lip Licker's Dermatitis; DermNet
Article history
The information on this page is written and peer reviewed by qualified clinicians.
Next review due: 11 Jul 2028
13 Jul 2023 | Latest version
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